NIST SP 800-37 describes the ATO and ATU as very similar in that they both are the mechanisms for documenting and accepting risk of information systems, and approving the use of the system by the agency. ATUs are intended to be used for shared systems, but still document accepting risk and approving use (based on an external security assessment). Though FedRAMP accepts both ATOs and ATUs, there must be at least one ATO on file for the Cloud Service Offering (CSO) in order for FedRAMP to accept an ATU.
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The FedRAMP Policy Memo does not apply to private clouds intended for a single organization that are implemented on premises (i.e., within a federal facility). In this scenario, agencies continue to follow the FISMA process and use the appropriate NIST security standards and guidelines for their private cloud-based information systems.
Yes, a FedRAMP-accredited Third Party Assessment Organization (3PAO) must perform an announced penetration test as part of the assessment/testing process for Moderate and High systems. For more information, please refer to the FedRAMP Penetration Test Guidance [PDF - 984KB].
Security Control-13 (SC-13) requires that FIPS 140-validated or NSA-approved cryptographic modules (CMs) are used where cryptography is required. For example, encryption is required for federal data at-rest [SC-28], data in-transit [SC-8(1)], and authentication [IA-2(11)] for FedRAMP Moderate and High systems.
Early Response Action (ERA): Refers to a remedial action performed prior to the final remedy, and often prior to the remedial investigation. An ERA addresses current risks to public health, welfare, and the environment; protects or provides a supply of water; addresses sources of contamination; or controls or contains contamination where such actions are expected to reduce the scope or cost of the remedy needed at the site. It is also referred to as an interim remedial action.
Feasibility Study (FS): A process to identify a reference remedy and alternative remedies that appear to be capable of achieving the remedial objectives for the site. It is often done as part of a two-phase investigation in conjunction with a remedial investigation (RI/FS).
Groundwater Model: Refers to computer models of groundwater flow systems that are used by hydrogeologists to simulate and predict aquifer conditions. Models can be used to help summarize, interpret, and present available data; to evaluate such things as monitoring networks or alternate remedial measures; to compare and assess different hypothetical groundwater flow conditions; and to help with water management problems such as predicting changes to the water table due to human activities.
Monitoring Assistance Program (MAP): ADEQ program designed to lessen the monitoring and financial burdens on small public water systems in Arizona to ensure that all water served meets state and federal safe drinking water standards.
Nitrate: A compound containing nitrogen and oxygen that exists in the atmosphere or as a dissolved gas in water and has harmful effects on humans and animals. Nitrates in water can cause severe illness in infants and domestic animals. A plant nutrient and inorganic fertilizer, nitrate is found in septic systems, animal feed lots, agricultural fertilizers, manure, industrial waste waters, and sanitary landfills.
Opacity: The amount of light obscured by particulate pollution in the air; clear window glass has zero opacity, a brick wall is 100 percent opaque. Opacity is an indicator of changes in performance of particulate control systems.
Operator Certificate: Certification of operators of community and nontransient noncommunity water systems, asbestos specialists, pesticide applicators, hazardous waste transporters, and other such specialists as required by the EPA or ADEQ implementing an EPA-approved program.
Public Water System (PWS): Refers to water systems which provide water to at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or which provide water to at least 25 year-round residents, thus falling under the drinking water safety requirements of the federal Safe Drinking Water Act.
Record of Decision (ROD): A legal document that announces and explains the cleanup methods ADEQ will use at a Superfund/WQARF site. The ROD is based on information and technical analysis generated during the remedial investigation and feasibility study, and in consideration of comments received during the public comment record for the proposed remedial action plan.
Recycling: The process by which salvaged materials become usable products. Specifically, the reuse of specific consumer or industrial items in order to conserve scarce materials, reduce pollution and littering and generally improve the condition of the environment.
Reverse Osmosis: A treatment process used in drinking water systems by adding pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis removes salinity and most drinking water contaminants and produces a waste stream of highly saline water. Also used in wastewater treatment.
State Assurance Fund: An assurance account established by the Arizona legislature to assist eligible Underground Storage Tank (UST) owners, operators and others in meeting the potentially high costs of leaking UST investigations and cleanups.
Water Quality Division (WQD) of ADEQ: Protects and enhances public health and the environment of Arizona by ensuring safe drinking water and reducing the impact of pollutants discharged to surface and groundwater. Core responsibilities include ensuring that public water systems deliver safe drinking water; identifying water pollution problems and establishing standards to address them; investigating complaints and violations of Arizona's water quality laws, rules and permits; issuing permits to protect waters from point sources of pollution; managing the quality of water resources through partnerships within the natural boundaries of the state's watersheds; monitoring and assessing the quality of surface and groundwater throughout the state; and regulating the discharge and treatment of wastewater.
To date, at least 90 types of β-lactams resistant genes and 1100 variants have been discovered [4]. The increased quantity of novel variants of each type sometimes creates different resistance phenotypes of decreased or increased susceptibilities to their substrates which have been demonstrated by their previously characterized relatives. In this work, we successfully found two novel blaKLUC group members, and provided an example of a new resistance gene subtype screening and resistome investigation from pooled clinical isolates. Many mutagenesis-prone-to-happen sites of the gene locus were also detected and are mainly associated with β-lactams and aminoglycosides resistance. The merits of cost-effective and high-throughput of second-generation sequencing technology may have potential as a substitute, or a companion at least, for microarray in the field of large scale antimicrobial resistance gene detection.
In a giant step toward managing today's pollution problems more effectively, this report lays out a framework to coordinate an interdisciplinary and international investigation of the chemical composition and cycles of the troposphere. The approach includes geographical surveys, field measurements, the development of appropriate models, and improved instrumentation. 2ff7e9595c